KRASHEN AND SWAIN THEORY
Krashen introduces a learning second language theory.
Krashen’s theory has five-importance hypothesis of a second language, first, the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis are talking about two different ways to affect people learning a second language. Second, the Monitor hypothesis is reflecting what kind of relationship between Acquisition-Learning. Thirty, the input hypothesis is the main idea of learning a second language. The Input hypothesis is to explain how the learner acquires a second language. “In other words, this hypothesis is Krashen's explanation of how second language acquisition takes place. So, the Input hypothesis is only concerned with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. According to this hypothesis, the learner improves and progresses along the 'natural order' when he/she receives second language 'input' that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage 'I', then acquisition takes place when he/she is exposed to 'Comprehensible Input' that belongs to level 'I + 1'. Since not all of the learners can be at the same level of linguistic competence at the same time, Krashen suggests that natural communicative input is the key to designing a syllabus. Four are the main characteristics that this theory follows:
One, comprehensive, Krashen believed that understanding the input language is a necessary condition for learning, if learners cannot understand the transmission of language information. Cannot master the language. Especially for a newcomer. Listen to those who cannot understand language input it is a waste of time. Learners must be able to understand the language of input materials.
Two, interest and relevance is mean to input useful for language acquisition. Required to process their content. To attract acquisition interest. Krashen believed that should enable learners to use it, must be done by an acquisition process, just like children learning their mother tongue, foreign language learning application language for social communication, so that learners ' acquisition of the language.
Three, Non-grammar program arrangement, Krashen believes that language acquisition is important should have sufficient understanding of transmission of persons, but according to the grammar teaching of procedural arrangements were inadequate. Is not necessary. Because in a natural environment through contact with a lot of comprehensible input, can natural language acquisition.
Four, insufficient input means learning a new knowledge alone, a small amount of exercise or several language materials is not enough. Also widely read and the use of the target language. Also to help learners with the extracurricular language environment gets more input, seek self-improvement in the language used.
Compare the professor Krashen’s input hypothesis, Swain theory only has three ideas. “First, the noticing/triggering function: “It refers to the awareness or “noticing,” Students find when they cannot say or write exactly what they need for conveying meaning. With the use of this function, learners realize there are some linguistics problems they need to manage, so that, it pushes the student to look for the adequate knowledge they require for completing the new discovered gap”. This means learning a new language they are some problems for the learner to conquer, like reading and writing the word that he/she don’t know. Second ideas from the Swain theory include “The hypothesis-testing function: This function suggests learners may use the method of “trial and error” for testing her /his production expecting to receive a feedback. This feedback can be applied in two ways: recasts and elicitations or clarification requests.”This idea explains that when learning a new language, learner often makes mistakes, which can help them to understand the language. The last idea of Swain theory includes “The metalinguistic (reflective function): Language is seen as a tool conducive to reflection on the language used by the teacher, their partners and the student himself/herself.”
